DOTATATE PEPTIDE

DOTATATE, in the context of medical imaging and therapy, refers to a somatostatin analog peptide linked to a chelator called DOTA. It's used in conjunction with radioactive isotopes like Gallium-68 (Ga-68) for imaging neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and with Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) for targeted therapy. The principle behind DOTATATE is its high affinity for somatostatin receptors (SSTR2) found on NET cells, allowing for precise targeting and imaging of these tumors

Somatostatin analog peptide linked to a chelator called DOTA. It's used in conjunction with radioactive isotopes like Gallium-68 (Ga-68) for imaging neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and with Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) for targeted therapy. The principle behind DOTATATE is its high affinity for somatostatin receptors (SSTR2) found on NET cells, allowing for precise targeting and imaging of these tumors.

Here's a more detailed explanation:

1. Somatostatin Receptor Targeting:

• DOTATATE, particularly when labeled with Ga-68 (Ga-68 DOTATATE), is designed to bind specifically to somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2).
• NETs, a type of tumor, often express SSTR2, making them ideal targets for DOTATATE.

2. Imaging (Ga-68 DOTATATE PET/CT):

• Ga-68 DOTATATE is injected into the body, and the radioactive Gallium-68 emits positrons, which are detected by a PET/CT scanner.
• The higher concentration of Ga-68 DOTATATE in the NETs allows for precise localization and visualization of the tumors on the PET/CT scan.
• This imaging technique is useful for diagnosing NETs and monitoring their response to treatment.

3. Therapy (Lu-177 DOTATATE):

• When labeled with Lu-177 (Lu-177 DOTATATE), DOTATATE delivers a targeted dose of radiation to the SSTR2-positive NET cells.
• This targeted radiation therapy can help to control or shrink the tumors by inducing cell death through radiation-induced DNA damage.

In essence, the DOTATATE principle is based on the ability to:

1. Target: Specifically bind to SSTR2 receptors on NET cells.
2. Visualize: Use radioactive isotopes for imaging the tumor using PET/CT.
3. Treat: Deliver targeted radiation therapy to the tumor cells.

Hepatoprotactive activity of Ethanolic extract of mentha (Mint) leaves in paracetamol-induced liver damaged in Wistar albino rats

 Parameters

SGOT

SGOT

ALP

LIVER FUNCTION TEST

SERUM BILIRUBIN TEST

BILE DUCT CANNULATION

URINE TEST

ULTRASOUND

 

Acute toxicity

An acute oral toxicity study was performed as per OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Test No. 423 (OECD; acute oral toxicity-acute toxic class method). Swiss albino mice (n = 6) were used for the acute toxicity study. The animals were kept overnight with access to water but not food, after which the mentha extract was administered orally at a dose level of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight and the animals were observed for 24 h. Further, they were observed continuously for the first 2 h for morbidity and up to 24 h for mortality. If mortality was observed in 2 out of 3 animals, then the dose administered was identified as a toxic dose. If mortality was observed in one animal, then the same dose was repeated again to confirm the toxic dose. If mortality was observed again, the procedure was repeated for lower doses (300, 50 and 5 mg/kg body weight).

Experimental design for hematological and hepatoprotective study

A total of 35 Sprague-Dawley male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into five groups conveying seven animals of each group and were kept in the experimental period of 14 days, as follows:

1. Vehicle

Animals received 0.05% tween 80 dissolved in 0.9% NaCl solution at 0.5 mL/rat with normal diet.

2. Negative control (Paracetamol)

Animals received paracetamol alone at 640 mg/kg BW (p.o.) dissolved in the vehicle. 

3. Treatment 1 (Mentha50 mg/kg)

Animals received mentha at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW (p.o.) and paracetamol (640 mg/kg BW, p.o.) dissolved in the vehicle.

4. Treatment2 (Mentha 100 mg/kg)

Animals received mentha at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW (p.o.) and paracetamol (640 mg/kg BW, p.o.) dissolved in the vehicle.

5. Standard(Silymarin 50 mg/kg)

Animals received silymarin at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW (p.o.) and paracetamol (640 mg/kg BW, p.o.) dissolved in the vehicle.

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