HOLY RIVER GANGA MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IS THE INDICATOR FOR VIABLE MICROORGANISM GROWTH THROUGHOUT WORLD

Abstract

Future moves ahead in next 10 decades, the whole earth will contaminated microorganism by 4 fold increase, and indicated by 60% viable micobial growth under river holy ganga,currently it is 8 to 12 % and the peak month is between December to march 42.3%, april to july 18.2% and August to November 33.7%

In india.

RAKESH MAHATMA SINGH, (M PHARM)RGUHS BANGLURU, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Plate exposer or plate culture done at different river merged in ganga like gomti, jamuna, Saraswati, hoogly, padma has shown greater then 500 cfu/ plate /24mm/ m³

Introduction:

Ganga is the sacred, historic and most important river in North India. It is the lifeline and identity of 44% of India's population (Chaudhary et al., 2017). It originates from Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand and passes through five states Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. The Ganga is admired in Hindu culture as having the ability to spiritually cleanse and purify the soul, thus banks of the river are used for funerals (Naskar, 2014). The river is reputed to have antimicrobial and medicinal properties (Nautiyal, 2009). It covers over 12,500 km2 of northern India before discharging into the Bay of Bengal. The drainage basin of Ganga is approximately 8,61,404 km2, which is ranked 15th largest in Asia and 29th in the world covers 26% of India with major historic cities located along the banks, such as Haridwar, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi and Kolkata (Joshi et al., 2009).

Sources of pollution

Among all the sources of pollution, municipal sewage and industrial effluents are the major contributors in the plight of the Ganga (Dwivedi et al., 2018). Almost 75% of pollution in the river is due to untreated discharge of sewage wastewater from rapidly-growing urban settlements along the river (Das, 2011). Ganga flows through 29 large cities (populations > 1 million) which dump their domestic and sewage effluent wastewater into the river. Approximately 8250 million l per day (MLD) of wastewater is generated from towns in the Ganga basin, yet treatment facilities can only treat 3500 MLD and roughly 2550 MLD of this waste is discharged directly into the Ganga (CPCB, 2014). Discharge of untreated sewage has resulted in poor water quality (i.e., pH, electrical conductivity, biological oxygen demand [BOD], chemical oxygen demand [COD], dissolved oxygen) in the river. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reported microbial counts were higher than permissible limits in drinking (50 MPN/100 mL) and bathing water (500 MPN/100 mL) (CPCB, 2009).

Rapidly increasing population, rising standards of living and exponential growth of industrialisation and urbanisation have exposed water resources, in general, and rivers, in particular, to various forms of degradation. The mighty Ganga is no exception. The deterioration in the water quality impacts the people immediately. Ganga, in some stretches, particularly during lean seasons has become unfit even for bathing. The threat of global climate change, the effect of glacial melt on Ganga flow and the impacts of infrastructural projects in the upper reaches of the river, raise issues that need a comprehensive response.★ In the Ganga basin approximately 12,000 million litres per day (mld) sewage is generated, for which presently there is a treatment capacity of only around 4,000 mld. Approximately 3000 mld of sewage is discharged into the main stem of the river Ganga from the Class I & II towns located along the banks, against which treatment capacity of about 1000 mld has been created till date. The contribution of industrial pollution, volume-wise, is about 20 per cent but due to its toxic and non- biodegradable nature, this has much greater significance. The industrial pockets in the catchments of Ramganga and Kali rivers and in Kanpur city are significant sources of industrial pollution. The major contributors are tanneries in Kanpur, distilleries, paper mills and sugar mills in the Kosi, Ramganga and Kali river catchments.

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