Hypoglycemic effect of honey and termeric tincuture feeding aloxan induced diabetic rats.

Hypoglycemic effect of honey and termeric tincuture feeding aloxan induced diabetic rats.

Rakesh Mahatma Singh, M.pharm, S.E.T's College of pharmacy, RGUHS, BANGLURU, KARNATAKA, INDIA

ABSTRACT:

Purpose: The use of rodent models for diabetes, particularly with pancreatic islet transplantation, has been prevalent in various preclinical trials. The purpose of this study is to establish a diabetes mellitus (DM) model in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats using alloxan evaluated by assessing alloxan dosage, the induction rate of diabetes, and glucose stability through insulin treatment.

Methods: Over the course of 13 experimental rounds, diabetes was induced in 86 SD rats using alloxan at concentrations of 200 mg/kg (16 rats) or 150 mg/kg (70 rats). Various parameters, including diabetes induction rates, average insulin doses, extent of weight loss, and adverse effects such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), were measured.

Results: The administration of 200 mg/kg of alloxan in rats resulted in severe diabetes induction, leading to DKA in three individuals, despite daily insulin glargine administration, DKA prevention was unsuccessful. The stability of alloxan decreases over time, especially when refrigeration is compromised during weighing. In the group treated with 150 mg/kg of alloxan, the diabetes induction rate was 83%. The average insulin dose was 2.21 units/kg/day. In contrast, the group treated with 200 mg/kg of alloxan exhibited a diabetes induction rate of 81% with a statistically significant higher average insulin requirement at 7.58 units/kg/day compared to 150 mg/kg of alloxan.

Conclusion: Inducing diabetes in rats with 150 mg/kg of alloxan is considered more suitable for creating a diabetes model for xenogeneic islet transplantation compared to using 200 mg/kg of alloxan. This is due to fewer complications related to DKA or hyperglycemia and reduced need for exogenous insulin treatment.

Keywords: induction rate, insulin treatment, rat, alloxan, diabetes mellitus

Introduction

Glycemic homeostasis refers to glucose balance or control within circulation in living organisms. It is normally and largely compromised in diabetes. The compromise when exacerbated, leads to several complications including retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy which are collectively known as diabetic complications and are the principal actors in co-morbidity and eventual mortality often associated with diabetes. The ability of therapeutic compounds including medicinal plants to restore glycemic balance or homeostasis in hyperglycemic condition is an index of their antidiabetic function and relevance. Alloxan and streptozotocin are the most popular diabetogenic agents used for assessing the antidiabetic or hypoglycemic capacity of test compounds. Notably, alloxan is far less expensive and more readily available than streptozotocin. On this ground, one will logically expect a preference for use of alloxan in experimental diabetes studies. Surprisingly, a sub meta-analysis of randomly selected studies conducted within the last one and half decade revealed otherwise. This observation necessitated the review of alloxan as a diabetogenic agent in animal studies.

Several herbs have been shown to have hypoglycemic effects in albino rats, including bitter melon (Momordica charantia), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and Gymnema sylvestre; these herbs can potentially help lower blood sugar levels in animal studies, particularly when administered to diabetic albino rats. 

Materials and Methods:

Honey and turmeric tincture and Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in 20 male albino rats. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Group 1 (n=10), diabetic rats fed with 1g honey and turmeric tincture per day and (2) Group 2 (n=10), diabetic rats fed standard rodent food for 4 weeks.

Results:

Oral administration of honey and turmeric tincture PO. for 2 weeks resulted in significant improvement in body weight, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. After 4 weeks, this ameliorative effect was significantly elevated with respect to blood glucose (155.00±9.70 mg/dL vs. 427.50±5.70 mg/dL; p<0.001), HbA1c (5.5±0.19% vs. 13.65±1.77%; p<0.001), cholesterol (281.50±10.95 mg/dL vs. 334.30±6.80 mg/dL; p<0.001), triglyceride (239.60±6.87 mg/dL vs. 284.20±9.95 mg/dL; p<0.01), and body weight (265.30±8.10 g vs. 207.40±11.4 g; p<0.01) as compared with non-treated diabetic rats.

Conclusion:

Honey and turmeric tincture possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties and could be used as natural compounds that are suitable as parent compounds for the development of new antidiabetic drugs.

HOLY RIVER GANGA MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IS THE INDICATOR FOR VIABLE MICROORGANISM GROWTH THROUGHOUT WORLD

Abstract

Future moves ahead in next 10 decades, the whole earth will contaminated microorganism by 4 fold increase, and indicated by 60% viable micobial growth under river holy ganga,currently it is 8 to 12 % and the peak month is between December to march 42.3%, april to july 18.2% and August to November 33.7%

In india.

RAKESH MAHATMA SINGH, (M PHARM)RGUHS BANGLURU, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Plate exposer or plate culture done at different river merged in ganga like gomti, jamuna, Saraswati, hoogly, padma has shown greater then 500 cfu/ plate /24mm/ m³

Introduction:

Ganga is the sacred, historic and most important river in North India. It is the lifeline and identity of 44% of India's population (Chaudhary et al., 2017). It originates from Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand and passes through five states Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. The Ganga is admired in Hindu culture as having the ability to spiritually cleanse and purify the soul, thus banks of the river are used for funerals (Naskar, 2014). The river is reputed to have antimicrobial and medicinal properties (Nautiyal, 2009). It covers over 12,500 km2 of northern India before discharging into the Bay of Bengal. The drainage basin of Ganga is approximately 8,61,404 km2, which is ranked 15th largest in Asia and 29th in the world covers 26% of India with major historic cities located along the banks, such as Haridwar, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi and Kolkata (Joshi et al., 2009).

Sources of pollution

Among all the sources of pollution, municipal sewage and industrial effluents are the major contributors in the plight of the Ganga (Dwivedi et al., 2018). Almost 75% of pollution in the river is due to untreated discharge of sewage wastewater from rapidly-growing urban settlements along the river (Das, 2011). Ganga flows through 29 large cities (populations > 1 million) which dump their domestic and sewage effluent wastewater into the river. Approximately 8250 million l per day (MLD) of wastewater is generated from towns in the Ganga basin, yet treatment facilities can only treat 3500 MLD and roughly 2550 MLD of this waste is discharged directly into the Ganga (CPCB, 2014). Discharge of untreated sewage has resulted in poor water quality (i.e., pH, electrical conductivity, biological oxygen demand [BOD], chemical oxygen demand [COD], dissolved oxygen) in the river. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reported microbial counts were higher than permissible limits in drinking (50 MPN/100 mL) and bathing water (500 MPN/100 mL) (CPCB, 2009).

Rapidly increasing population, rising standards of living and exponential growth of industrialisation and urbanisation have exposed water resources, in general, and rivers, in particular, to various forms of degradation. The mighty Ganga is no exception. The deterioration in the water quality impacts the people immediately. Ganga, in some stretches, particularly during lean seasons has become unfit even for bathing. The threat of global climate change, the effect of glacial melt on Ganga flow and the impacts of infrastructural projects in the upper reaches of the river, raise issues that need a comprehensive response.★ In the Ganga basin approximately 12,000 million litres per day (mld) sewage is generated, for which presently there is a treatment capacity of only around 4,000 mld. Approximately 3000 mld of sewage is discharged into the main stem of the river Ganga from the Class I & II towns located along the banks, against which treatment capacity of about 1000 mld has been created till date. The contribution of industrial pollution, volume-wise, is about 20 per cent but due to its toxic and non- biodegradable nature, this has much greater significance. The industrial pockets in the catchments of Ramganga and Kali rivers and in Kanpur city are significant sources of industrial pollution. The major contributors are tanneries in Kanpur, distilleries, paper mills and sugar mills in the Kosi, Ramganga and Kali river catchments.

Reference

Basant Rai, International Journal of Scien-

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Issue 4, April2013

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_of_

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Manufacturing procedure of Macro Aggregated albumin (MAA) COLD kit to visualise lung perfusion using PET SCANNING when labelled with technecium 99

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