Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Ethanolic Extracts of Santalum Album (Indian Sandalwood) wood in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

 Antidiabetic Activity

 Animals

Male albino Wistar rats (150–200 g body weight were maintained under a constant 12-hour light and dark cycle at 21–23°C. The animals were maintained in accordance with the guidelines. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Throughout the experimental period, all four groups of animals were fed with a normal laboratory chow standard pellet diet and water ad libitum.

Experimental Induction of Diabetes

Animals were allowed to fast for 12 h and were administered freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ) (Himedia) at the concentration of 55 mg/kg bodyweight, i.p. in 0.1 mol/L cold citrate buffer, pH 4.5 . The STZ-treated animals were allowed to drink 5% glucose solution overnight to overcome drug-induced hypoglycemia. Rats having persistent glycosuria and hyperglycaemia with a fasting blood glucose >250 mg/dL on the third day after the STZ injection were considered diabetic and were used for further experimentation.

Experimental Design

Animals were divided into four groups, consisting of a minimum of six animals each, as follows: Group I, control rats receiving 0.1 mol/L citrate buffer (pH 4.5); Group II, diabetic control; Group III, diabetic rats were administered 100 mg/kg ethanolic extract of wood per day orally for 30 days; Group IV, diabetic rats were administered 10 mg/kg glibenclamide solution orally per day for 30 days.

One week after the induction of diabetes in Wistar rats, the fasting blood glucose levels of fasted rats were measured. Rats with blood glucose >250 mg/dL were included in the study. They were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Doses of (100 mg/kg body weight) of the wood extracts were given every day till the completion of the experiment (i.e., 30 days), whereas untreated and diabetic control groups were given 0.1 mol/L citrate buffer every day orally.

At the end of the experiment, the blood was collected for biochemical studies. The serum was then separated by centrifugation and was either assayed immediately or stored at −20°C.

Biochemical Estimations

Blood was collected from the tail vein of the overnight fasting rat at 0th (before the start of the experiment), 3rd day, 10th day, 17th day, 24th day, and 30th day and the glucose levels were estimated by using Accu-Check Active glucometer. 

Weight of individual animals was measured gravimetrically on 0th and 30th days of the experiment. 

Urine glucose assessment is done by using Diastrips on 0th, 3rd day, 10th day, 17thday, 24th day and 30th day. 

The lipid profiles (total cholesterol, TG, HDL, and LDL) for all the four groups of animals were performed using commercially available kits

Glycogen content of liver was measured according to Van method 

#Rakfeshsantalumalbum

#RakfeshIndianSandalwood

#RakfeshAntidiabetics

#PharmaResearchProtocol

#PharmaScienceProtocol

#PharmaScienceAndDevelopment

#AyurvedaHezzard

EFFECT OF STATIN AND CORTICOSTEROID ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLAQUE IN COVID19 PATIENTS WITH HIGH CRP LEVEL

PARAMETERS:

Diagnostic tests and tools that can access to confirm the presence of Atherosclerosis - these include an Angiogram (Arteriogram), Cholesterol tests, 

A chest x-ray, 

A CT (computed tomography) scan, 

Duplex scanning, 

An echocardiogram,

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), 

An exercise stress test.

AND

C REACTIVE PROTEIN LEVEL IN BLOOD

AIHEIYANSHE

METAPHORESIS HEART LAUNDRITUTE HILL TOP NINGA

Hepatoprotactive activity of Ethanolic extract of mentha (Mint) leaves in paracetamol-induced liver damaged in Wistar albino rats

 Parameters

SGOT

SGOT

ALP

LIVER FUNCTION TEST

SERUM BILIRUBIN TEST

BILE DUCT CANNULATION

URINE TEST

ULTRASOUND

 

Acute toxicity

An acute oral toxicity study was performed as per OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Test No. 423 (OECD; acute oral toxicity-acute toxic class method). Swiss albino mice (n = 6) were used for the acute toxicity study. The animals were kept overnight with access to water but not food, after which the mentha extract was administered orally at a dose level of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight and the animals were observed for 24 h. Further, they were observed continuously for the first 2 h for morbidity and up to 24 h for mortality. If mortality was observed in 2 out of 3 animals, then the dose administered was identified as a toxic dose. If mortality was observed in one animal, then the same dose was repeated again to confirm the toxic dose. If mortality was observed again, the procedure was repeated for lower doses (300, 50 and 5 mg/kg body weight).

Experimental design for hematological and hepatoprotective study

A total of 35 Sprague-Dawley male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into five groups conveying seven animals of each group and were kept in the experimental period of 14 days, as follows:

1. Vehicle

Animals received 0.05% tween 80 dissolved in 0.9% NaCl solution at 0.5 mL/rat with normal diet.

2. Negative control (Paracetamol)

Animals received paracetamol alone at 640 mg/kg BW (p.o.) dissolved in the vehicle. 

3. Treatment 1 (Mentha50 mg/kg)

Animals received mentha at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW (p.o.) and paracetamol (640 mg/kg BW, p.o.) dissolved in the vehicle.

4. Treatment2 (Mentha 100 mg/kg)

Animals received mentha at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW (p.o.) and paracetamol (640 mg/kg BW, p.o.) dissolved in the vehicle.

5. Standard(Silymarin 50 mg/kg)

Animals received silymarin at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW (p.o.) and paracetamol (640 mg/kg BW, p.o.) dissolved in the vehicle.

#Rakfeshhepatoprotective

#Rakfeshmentha

#pharmareserchprotocol

#pharmascienceanddevelopment

EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION OF AQUAOUS AND ETANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA IN CARRAGEENAN INDUCED RAT PAW EDEMA IN ALBINO RATS

 Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model

The rats were divided into eight groups (n = 6), each receiving distilled water (control), diclofenac 20 mg/kg p.o. (reference standard), and 50, 100, 200 mg/kg p.o. dose of the AE and EE of C. Gigantea  respectively. Carrageenan (0.1 mL of 1%) was injected into the subplantar tissue of the right hind-paw of each rat. The volume of the carrageenan injected into the foot was measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes using a plethysmometer (Biodevices, New Delhi, India). The percentage inhibition (PI) at each time interval was calculated$\text{PI}=\frac{{(\text{V}}_{\text{t}}-{\text{V}}_{\text{0}})\text{control}-({\text{V}}_{\text{t}}-{\text{V}}_{\text{0}})\text{treated}}{({\text{V}}_{\text{t}}-{\text{V}}_{\text{0}})\text{control}}\times \mathrm{100PI}$

PI= (Vt-V0) Control - (Vt-V0)Teatment*100

Upon

(Vt-V0) Control

V0 = Mean paw volume at 0 hours

Vt = Mean paw volume at a particular time interval

Ref :Vogel

#Rakfeshantiinnflamatory

EFFECT OF POLYHERBS CONVOVULUS PROSTRATUS, BACOPA MONNIERI AND CANNABINOIDS IN ALZHEIMER'S TRANSGENIC MICE

The commonly used experimental animal models are transgenic mice that overexpress human genes associated with familial AD (FAD) that result in the formation of amyloid plaques. 

Alzheimer's is defined by the presence and interplay of both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangle pathology 

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die. 

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that has effect on person's ability to function independently.

AD -Alzheimers 

Ref-vogel