HOLY RIVER GANGA MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IS THE INDICATOR FOR VIABLE MICROORGANISM GROWTH THROUGHOUT WORLD

Abstract

Future moves ahead in next 10 decades, the whole earth will contaminated microorganism by 4 fold increase, and indicated by 60% viable micobial growth under river holy ganga,currently it is 8 to 12 % and the peak month is between December to march 42.3%, april to july 18.2% and August to November 33.7%

In india.

RAKESH MAHATMA SINGH, (M PHARM)RGUHS BANGLURU, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Plate exposer or plate culture done at different river merged in ganga like gomti, jamuna, Saraswati, hoogly, padma has shown greater then 500 cfu/ plate /24mm/ m³

Introduction:

Ganga is the sacred, historic and most important river in North India. It is the lifeline and identity of 44% of India's population (Chaudhary et al., 2017). It originates from Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand and passes through five states Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. The Ganga is admired in Hindu culture as having the ability to spiritually cleanse and purify the soul, thus banks of the river are used for funerals (Naskar, 2014). The river is reputed to have antimicrobial and medicinal properties (Nautiyal, 2009). It covers over 12,500 km2 of northern India before discharging into the Bay of Bengal. The drainage basin of Ganga is approximately 8,61,404 km2, which is ranked 15th largest in Asia and 29th in the world covers 26% of India with major historic cities located along the banks, such as Haridwar, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi and Kolkata (Joshi et al., 2009).

Sources of pollution

Among all the sources of pollution, municipal sewage and industrial effluents are the major contributors in the plight of the Ganga (Dwivedi et al., 2018). Almost 75% of pollution in the river is due to untreated discharge of sewage wastewater from rapidly-growing urban settlements along the river (Das, 2011). Ganga flows through 29 large cities (populations > 1 million) which dump their domestic and sewage effluent wastewater into the river. Approximately 8250 million l per day (MLD) of wastewater is generated from towns in the Ganga basin, yet treatment facilities can only treat 3500 MLD and roughly 2550 MLD of this waste is discharged directly into the Ganga (CPCB, 2014). Discharge of untreated sewage has resulted in poor water quality (i.e., pH, electrical conductivity, biological oxygen demand [BOD], chemical oxygen demand [COD], dissolved oxygen) in the river. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reported microbial counts were higher than permissible limits in drinking (50 MPN/100 mL) and bathing water (500 MPN/100 mL) (CPCB, 2009).

Rapidly increasing population, rising standards of living and exponential growth of industrialisation and urbanisation have exposed water resources, in general, and rivers, in particular, to various forms of degradation. The mighty Ganga is no exception. The deterioration in the water quality impacts the people immediately. Ganga, in some stretches, particularly during lean seasons has become unfit even for bathing. The threat of global climate change, the effect of glacial melt on Ganga flow and the impacts of infrastructural projects in the upper reaches of the river, raise issues that need a comprehensive response.★ In the Ganga basin approximately 12,000 million litres per day (mld) sewage is generated, for which presently there is a treatment capacity of only around 4,000 mld. Approximately 3000 mld of sewage is discharged into the main stem of the river Ganga from the Class I & II towns located along the banks, against which treatment capacity of about 1000 mld has been created till date. The contribution of industrial pollution, volume-wise, is about 20 per cent but due to its toxic and non- biodegradable nature, this has much greater significance. The industrial pockets in the catchments of Ramganga and Kali rivers and in Kanpur city are significant sources of industrial pollution. The major contributors are tanneries in Kanpur, distilleries, paper mills and sugar mills in the Kosi, Ramganga and Kali river catchments.

Reference

Basant Rai, International Journal of Scien-

tificand Research Publications, Volume 3,

Issue 4, April2013

K.Jaiswal Rakesh, “ganga action plane-A

criticalanalysis”May 2007

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_of_

the_Ganges

A report of Water Resources Planning

Commission, “Report on Utilisation of Funds andAssets Created through Ganga Action Plan in Statesunder Gap”, May, 2009.

Manufacturing procedure of Macro Aggregated albumin (MAA) COLD kit to visualise lung perfusion using PET SCANNING when labelled with technecium 99

Study of Anthelmintic effect of Ayurvedic herbs "Nicotiana Tabacum" on experimental rabbits and it's comparison with albendazole.

 Study of Anthelmintic effect of Ayurvedic herbs "Nicotiana Tabacum" on experimental rabbits and it's comparison with albendazole.

worms introduced in rabbits n=5  by feeding lake sand for a week along with foods and mineral water  than kept 7 days on normal foods before dosing start at day 15 

#RakfeshAnthelmintic

#RakfeshNicotianaTabacum

#PharmaReserchProtocol

#ScientificReserchProtocol

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#rakfesh

Study of Alzheimer's and Demantia of Datura Metal L. Plant extracts in transgenic mice and swiss albino mice activity behavioral patterns

 Elevated plus maze (EPM) test

Procedure

The elevated plus-maze consists of two open arms,

43×15cm (L×W), and two enclosed arms, 43×15×23cm

(L×W×H), opened to the top, arranged in such way that the

two open arms are faced opposite to each other. The maze

is elevated to a height of 70cm.10

After one hour of oral administration of the test drug or the

standard, the rat is placed at the centre of the maze, facing

towards one of the enclosed arms. After 5min of 

observation the following parameters are noted

• The number of entries into open arm and closed arms 

• Time spent in the open and enclosed arms 

Digital Actophotometer

Procedure

A continuous beam of light from six lights will be made to

fall on corresponding photoelectric cells, the photoelectric

cells will get activated when an animal crosses the beam

of light and thereby cuts off (crossing) the rays of light

falling on it. These crossings are counted automatically for a aperiod of 10 min by the machine. The number of cuts off

was taken as a parameter of the locomotor activity of the rats

5 rats are placed in the digital actophotometer 1 hr afterr Drug administration and number of crossings are counted

for a period of 10 min 

#RakfeshAlzheimer's

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https://rdspectra.quora.com/Preparation-of-Technecium99m-labelled-mangiferin-cold-kit-for-glu-receptor-glu-transpoter-channel-scintigraphy-Each?ch=10&oid=189870889&share=ee8be2b2&srid=h45vCY&target_type=post

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Ethanolic Extracts of Santalum Album (Indian Sandalwood) wood in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

 Antidiabetic Activity

 Animals

Male albino Wistar rats (150–200 g body weight were maintained under a constant 12-hour light and dark cycle at 21–23°C. The animals were maintained in accordance with the guidelines. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Throughout the experimental period, all four groups of animals were fed with a normal laboratory chow standard pellet diet and water ad libitum.

Experimental Induction of Diabetes

Animals were allowed to fast for 12 h and were administered freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ) (Himedia) at the concentration of 55 mg/kg bodyweight, i.p. in 0.1 mol/L cold citrate buffer, pH 4.5 . The STZ-treated animals were allowed to drink 5% glucose solution overnight to overcome drug-induced hypoglycemia. Rats having persistent glycosuria and hyperglycaemia with a fasting blood glucose >250 mg/dL on the third day after the STZ injection were considered diabetic and were used for further experimentation.

Experimental Design

Animals were divided into four groups, consisting of a minimum of six animals each, as follows: Group I, control rats receiving 0.1 mol/L citrate buffer (pH 4.5); Group II, diabetic control; Group III, diabetic rats were administered 100 mg/kg ethanolic extract of wood per day orally for 30 days; Group IV, diabetic rats were administered 10 mg/kg glibenclamide solution orally per day for 30 days.

One week after the induction of diabetes in Wistar rats, the fasting blood glucose levels of fasted rats were measured. Rats with blood glucose >250 mg/dL were included in the study. They were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Doses of (100 mg/kg body weight) of the wood extracts were given every day till the completion of the experiment (i.e., 30 days), whereas untreated and diabetic control groups were given 0.1 mol/L citrate buffer every day orally.

At the end of the experiment, the blood was collected for biochemical studies. The serum was then separated by centrifugation and was either assayed immediately or stored at −20°C.

Biochemical Estimations

Blood was collected from the tail vein of the overnight fasting rat at 0th (before the start of the experiment), 3rd day, 10th day, 17th day, 24th day, and 30th day and the glucose levels were estimated by using Accu-Check Active glucometer. 

Weight of individual animals was measured gravimetrically on 0th and 30th days of the experiment. 

Urine glucose assessment is done by using Diastrips on 0th, 3rd day, 10th day, 17thday, 24th day and 30th day. 

The lipid profiles (total cholesterol, TG, HDL, and LDL) for all the four groups of animals were performed using commercially available kits

Glycogen content of liver was measured according to Van method 

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#RakfeshIndianSandalwood

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#AyurvedaHezzard

EFFECT OF STATIN AND CORTICOSTEROID ON ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLAQUE IN COVID19 PATIENTS WITH HIGH CRP LEVEL

PARAMETERS:

Diagnostic tests and tools that can access to confirm the presence of Atherosclerosis - these include an Angiogram (Arteriogram), Cholesterol tests, 

A chest x-ray, 

A CT (computed tomography) scan, 

Duplex scanning, 

An echocardiogram,

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), 

An exercise stress test.

AND

C REACTIVE PROTEIN LEVEL IN BLOOD